How to build a planet.
Here we are, on the small, water covered rocky planet,
orbiting a medium-sized yellow star.
We're one of eight planets all different from one another.
The ones close to our sun are small and made of rock.
The ones farther out are huge and made of gas.
Orbiting the sun with them are many other
smaller objects, comets, asteroids, lots of moons.
Planetary rings, things we used to think were planets.
Vast fields of planet-sized ice chunks and tiny speck of dust.
All of these things make up our solar system.
And for a long time we thought that's how
all solar systems would look.
But back in the '90s, we started to find out that wasn't true.
Astronomers found giant gas planets so close to their stars
that their atmospheres boil away into space.
They found planets orbiting double star systems.
They found super-earths 10 times our own planet's mass.
Why are these planetary systems so different?
Is our little solar system a cosmic oddball?
To find out, we need to know more about how planets form.
And to do that, we need NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.
To study the formation of stars and planets,
astronomers look at the giant clouds
of molecular gas and dust, where new stars are still
being born today.
But when we turn our most powerful tool, the Hubble Space
Telescope on these clouds, we see mostly shadow.
All that gas and dust cloaks the stars
blocking their light, but not all of their light.
Visible light, the kind we see with our eyes
can't get through.
But infrared light is different.
Its wavelength penetrates gas and dust.
Webb's infrared detecting instruments
will capture infrared light as it emerges from the cloud,
creating images that look through the gas and dust
to reveal the warm bright objects within.
With Webb's help, we will be able to see
both the newly forming stars and the disks of debris
around them that eventually coalesce into planets
where we'll even detect newborn planets cocooned
inside these disks.
Normally, it's a real challenge to see planets
around other stars.
This is the best picture we have of one of these extrasolar
planets taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
No, not that.
That's the star.
The planet is are here.
It's actually easier to see the dust
around planets than the planets themselves
since there's so much dust spread out
over such a vast area.
This picture captures visible light from the star
as it reflects off the planet and dust.
But Webb's infrared vision will detect the inherent glow
of these objects as they shine with their own infrared light.
In fact, Webb will observe both gas and dust
in exquisite detail around these young stars,
studying and classifying showers of tiny pebbles
as they ride lofting gaseous winds on a collision
course with each other, and eventually planetary destiny.
Take a look at this animation.
In the center is a heavy ball of gas in the process
of becoming a sun like star.
Its gravity drags nearby gas and dust toward it.
But because that gas is also zipping around the star,
its motion balances the sun's pole
and keeps it in a stable orbit.
This also explains why Earth doesn't careen into the sun.
Zooming into the disk, we see small particles in orbit.
Because the star has drawn all this material together
into the same space, things start to collide.
Some particles stick together and develop
a gravitational pull that collects more particles.
Gradually, they form bigger and bigger objects, planets
circling their own new sun.
To identify the materials around the stars that
are forming into planets, Webb uses a technique
called spectroscopy.
Webb captures the infrared light from the star
and breaks it into colors.
By studying the way some of the colors of light
are blocked and filtered by this material,
Webb can tell what the dust is made of.
In fact, each atom and molecule has a unique spectroscopic
signature.
Webb can even use spectroscopy to look for water vapor,
observing its presence both in planetary disks
and in the atmosphere of existing planets.
Astronomers are particularly interested
in water, because as a requirement for life
as we know it.
They want to know which planets have water vapor
and how water is carried to planets.
By examining the birth of solar systems similar to ours,
we glimpse the ancient history of our Earth.
But Webb will do more than help us understand
how our planet came to be.
Astronomers now think that most of the stars in the Galaxy
have planets around them.
We can't possibly measure or detect all of those planets.
But by understanding how they form,
we can begin to predict the diversity of planets
out there, including how many Earths we can expect
to find orbiting other stars.