WEBVTT

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- HISTORY LESSON.

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IT'S TIME TO TURN BACK
THE CLOCK,

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WAY BACK TO THE EARLY 1970s.

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THE APOLLO MISSIONS--
YOU KNOW THEM:

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"ONE SMALL STEP"
ON THE MOON AND ALL THAT--

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WERE WINDING DOWN,

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AND THE NEXT BIG STEPS
FOR THE SPACE PROGRAM

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WERE ANYTHING
BUT SET IN STONE.

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BUT SOME BRILLIANT MINDS AT NASA
WERE WORKING ON A NEW DESIGN

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UNLIKE ANY SPACECRAFT BEFORE:

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THE WORLD'S FIRST
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT.

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IT LAUNCHES LIKE A ROCKET,

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MANEUVERS IN EARTH ORBIT
LIKE A SPACECRAFT,

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AND LANDS LIKE AN AIRPLANE--

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ALL THAT WITH AN ENORMOUS
PAYLOAD CAPACITY.

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YOU KNOW THAT SPACECRAFT TODAY
AS NASA'S SPACE SHUTTLE.

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WITH AN OPERATING LIFE
OF OVER THREE DECADES,

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THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM
HAS PROVEN TO BE

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AN AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT
FOR THE ENGINEERING COMMUNITY,

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AN ASSET
TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY,

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AND A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION
AND INNOVATION

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FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC.

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BUT HOW MANY OF US
KNOW EXACTLY

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WHAT THE SHUTTLE
HAS ACCOMPLISHED

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OR HOW IT HAS IMPACTED
OUR LIVES?

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LET'S TAKE A LOOK BACK NOW
AT SOME SPACE SHUTTLE HIGHLIGHTS

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THAT OCCURRED
JUST BECAUSE IT FLEW.

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- T-MINUS 10, 9, 8, 7...

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- ON APRIL 12, 1981,

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THE FIRST FLIGHT
OF THE COLUMBIA ORBITER

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MARKED THE BEGINNING
OF OUR SHUTTLE ERA.

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- AND WE HAVE LIFTOFF,

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LIFTOFF OF AMERICA'S
FIRST SPACE SHUTTLE.

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- THE FLIGHT WAS NUMBERED STS-1,

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WITH THE STS MEANING
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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AND THE 1 REPRESENTING THE FIRST
ASSIGNED SHUTTLE MISSION.

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COLUMBIA'S TWO-PERSON CREW
CARRIED OUT

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ITS 54.5-HOUR MISSION
SUCCESSFULLY,

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AND FROM THAT POINT ON,
THE SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS

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CONTINUED TO GET
MORE AND MORE COMPLEX

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AS WE CAME TO UNDERSTAND

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JUST WHAT THIS
INCREDIBLE MACHINE COULD DO.

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A QUICK LOOK AT THIS GRAPH
SHOWS US

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HOW MISSION COMPLEXITY
INCREASED

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AS THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM
PROGRESSED,

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BUT WHAT DOES EACH COLOR MEAN?

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LET'S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK.

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THE DARK BLUE INDICATES
THE LENGTH OF THE FLIGHT

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MEASURED IN MISSION DAYS.

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EARLIER FLIGHTS
LASTED LESS THAN A WEEK,

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BUT LATER FLIGHTS
WOULD LAST UP TO 15 DAYS.

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ADD THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS
EACH SHUTTLE FLEW,

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AND YOU CAN SEE
THAT THE ORBITERS

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HAVE SPENT A GREAT DEAL OF TIME
IN FLIGHT.

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GREEN IS CREW SIZE,
WHICH STARTED AT TWO

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BUT GREW ROUTINELY
TO SIX MEMBERS.

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SOME FLIGHTS TO MIR

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AND THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION

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INCLUDED A SEVENTH CREW MEMBER

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AS THE SHUTTLE TOOK THE CREW
TO THE STATION

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AND RETURNED THEM HOME.

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PURPLE REPRESENTS DEPLOYMENTS.

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THE LARGE CARGO BAY
IN THE SPACE SHUTTLE

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MEANT NASA COULD TAKE
DOZENS OF SATELLITES TO SPACE

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AND RELEASE THEM INTO ORBIT.

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THESE SATELLITES DO EVERYTHING
FROM COMMUNICATION

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TO HELPING US MONITOR
WEATHER AND CLIMATE.

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SOME SATELLITES, SUCH AS
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE,

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WERE NOT ONLY
ORIGINALLY DEPLOYED

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BUT RETURN TO THE PAYLOAD BAY
FOR REPAIR,

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KEEPING THEM IN SPACE AND,
IN THE CASE OF HUBBLE,

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ABLE TO HELP SCIENTISTS
LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE

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THAN WE EVER THOUGHT POSSIBLE.

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- IT'S AN UNBELIEVABLE VIEW.

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- BLACK MEANS RENDEZVOUS.

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THAT'S EVERY TIME THE SHUTTLE
CONNECTED TO AN ORBITING CRAFT,

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FROM SATELLITES
TO HUBBLE TO MIR

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AND, OF COURSE,
TO THE ISS.

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- NICE TO SEE YOU.
- WELCOME.

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- YELLOW REPRESENTS
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES,

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OR E.V.A.s,
MEASURED BY E.V.A. CREW DAYS.

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MANY FLIGHTS
HAD NO SCHEDULED E.V.A.s,

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WHILE OTHERS
HAD A SPACEWALK EVERY DAY

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WHERE ONE OR TWO CREW MEMBERS
HAD TO LEAVE

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THE SAFETY AND SECURITY
OF THE SHUTTLE

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TO DO SOME TASK
THAT REQUIRED THEM

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TO LITERALLY
HANG OUT IN SPACE.

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THE LIGHT BLUE
REPRESENTS SPACELABS.

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THESE ARE MISSIONS
WITH A SCIENTIFIC LAB

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IN THE PAYLOAD BAY.

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THESE FLIGHTS INCLUDED
DOZENS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES

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THAT MADE A DIFFERENCE
NOT JUST TO THE SPACE PROGRAM

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BUT TO OUR LIVES HERE ON EARTH.

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EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN DONE

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TO MEASURE CHANGES
IN THE HUMAN BODY,

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THE EFFECT OF MICROGRAVITY
AND RADIATION ON SEEDS,

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AND EVEN WAYS
TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATIONS--

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JUST TO NAME A FEW.

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AND FINALLY,
THE RED REPRESENTS

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CONSTRUCTION OF THE ISS
BY SHUTTLE CREW MEMBERS.

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NASA AND THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY

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WERE ABLE TO USE
THE LARGE CARGO BAY

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TO ADD MAJOR ELEMENTS
TO THE ISS,

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INCLUDING THE NEW SOLAR ARRAYS
AND LABORATORIES,

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MAKING THE ISS
A HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT

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AS WELL AS A TECHNOLOGICAL ONE

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AND ALLOWING IT TO FUNCTION
FOR YEARS TO COME.

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- WE'RE READY FOR ANOTHER
GREAT DAY IN SPACE.

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- WOW, ALL THAT
BECAUSE OF THE SHUTTLE.

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BUT WE CAN'T STOP THERE.

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THE SHUTTLE PROGRAM
EVEN CHANGED NASA CAREERS.

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PRIOR TO THE SHUTTLE,
EVERY ASTRONAUT

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WAS CUT FROM THE SAME MOLD:
MILITARY PILOTS.

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BUT THE SHUTTLE OPENED THE DOOR

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FOR PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT SETS
OF SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE,

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CREATING THE POSITIONS
OF MISSION SPECIALIST

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AND PAYLOAD SPECIALIST,

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PEOPLE WHO COULD FOCUS
THEIR ENERGIES

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ON THE ENGINEERING TASKS
TO BE ACCOMPLISHED

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OR THE SCIENCE
TO BE PERFORMED.

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TWO OF THESE MISSION SPECIALISTS
INCLUDED SALLY RIDE,

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THE FIRST AMERICAN FEMALE
IN SPACE ABOARD STS-7,

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AND GUY S. BLUFORD, JR.,

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THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN
IN SPACE ABOARD STS-8.

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BOTH MISSIONS FLEW IN 1983.

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WHAT ELSE HAS THE SHUTTLE
GIVEN US?

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HOW ABOUT SPINOFFS?

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THAT'S RIGHT,
THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM

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HAS GENERATED
OVER 100 TECHNOLOGY SPINOFFS,

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INCLUDING AN ARTIFICIAL HEART,

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VIDEO STABILIZATION SOFTWARE,

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EVEN INSULATION FOR YOUR CAR.

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HOW'S THAT
FOR A LASTING LEGACY?

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AS FOR WHAT'S NEXT,

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NASA ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
ARE HARD AT WORK

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ON THE NEXT CHAPTER
OF SPACE EXPLORATION:

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DESIGNING SPACECRAFT
THAT WILL TAKE HUMANS

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FAR BEYOND LOW-EARTH ORBIT.

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AND THANKS TO THE SHUTTLE,

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OUR NEXT GIANT LEAP
INTO THE UNIVERSE

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WILL BE EVEN BIGGER,
JUST BECAUSE IT FLEW.